Stem Cell research holds outstanding promise for both understanding fundamental mechanisms of human development and differentiation, and for developing new therapies for diseases such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and myocardial infarction. Stem Cell research continues to be seen as a potential alternative to conventional medications. The rapid advancements in biotechnology have brought to light numerous pressing ethical and policy concerns related to stem Cell research. The most significant ethical considerations surrounding stem Cell and stem Cell-derived product therapies are similar to those arising in other emerging biotechnologies. Given the scientific promise and ethical dilemmas of stem Cell research, it is crucial to carefully consider the ethical controversies as this rapidly expanding field progresses. This essay provides an overview of the most important issues that the stem Cell research community needs to address

Aim and background: The ageing or senescence is a complex process involving biological changes in tissue, organ, Cell and molecule levels, the eventual decline of which ultimately leads to death of organism. The mechanisms by which a Cell ultimately defines the end of its life span and ceases to involve factors including genetic context, free radicals, telomerase activity, caloric restriction, waste productions, DNA methylation, glycation, stress, mt DNA mutations, damage and DNA repair, DNA-protein interactions, etc which are regarded as a new science namely Gerantology. The most important Cell ageing strategies in yeast and animals are insulin signaling, metabolic flow, genome stability, telomerase activity, damage and DNA repair, histone acetylases, histone deacetylases and free radicals, but in plants phytohormones, photosynthetic machine and protein damage affect Cell ageing. Age-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancers, neural disorders, skin lose, etc are the cost of longevity. Nowadays, biotechnology in two aspects would help us namely for the conflicting with age-related diseases and Cell ageing: 1) Detection, decrease of ageing process and increase of health longevity.2) Creation of ageing process and death in malignant, cancerous, infectious Cells and assessment of treatments.In order for Biotechnology to accomplish the above cases successfully needs RNAi, Drug delivery techniques, nano materials, DNA vaccines, Recombinant antibodies, hormone, Cell and gene Therapy, tissue engineering and other procedures and techniques.

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired multifactorial disorder. Different treatments are used for it and all of them have adverse side-effects. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and so on. In these diseases, deficiency of vitamin D and B12 are proposed. So in this study, treatment response and remission in patients taking oral vitamin D and B12 was administered.Methods: 60 patients with active vitiligo were randomly divided into three groups. Group I received topical PUVA for 6 months; group II received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily for 2 months, and then topical PUVA alone for following 4 months; and group III received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily and sublingual tablets of vitamin B12 daily for 2 months, and then treated with topical PUVA for following 4months. Cure rate and side effects were evaluated using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) at the third and sixth months. Findings: In each of the three treated groups at different times, the average changes in the area and extent of the lesion were not significantly different. Pruritus and erythema occurred in some patients.Conclusion: In this study, the reduction in the extent and area of lesions in the group receiving vitamin D compared to the control group were higher that indicated the role of vitamin D in preventing progression of active vitiligo.

Zinc has an important role in skin health and its deficiency reduces immunity to evaluate levels of zinc in squamous Cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal Cell carcinoma (BCC) of skin, we studied 44 BCC and 38 SCC cases together with 33 controls. Blood samples were taken and after separation of serum, levels of zinc, albumin and total protein were measured by atomic absorption albumin kit and reflectometer consecutively. Serum globulin levels were estimated by subtracting albumin from total protein levels. Zinc levels were significantly lower in cancer cases than control (P<0.001). Mean serum albumin of BCC cases was significantly more than controls (P<0.01), but in BCC cases was not significantly different. Significant correlations were seen between levels of serum zinc and albumin of SCC (r=0.507, P<0.01) and BCC(r=0.43, P<0.01) patients and controls(r=0.35,P<0.01). Mean globulin levels in cancer cases were significantly lower than control group (P<0.01).We concluded that serum zinc and globulin levels decrease in BCC and SCC of skin.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) belonging to the Asteraceae family and known for its valuable secondary metabolite, silymarin. In order to get the Cell suspension culture of Silybum marianum, the combination of 2,4-D and BAP hormones each with five different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 2 and 5 mg/L) and 3 different seedling explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl and root) was used to callus formation. High-quality callus was observed in eight different of hormone-explant combinations. Successful Cell suspension culture was achieved only by using callus created from cotyledon explants treated with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 5 mg/L BAP. Furthermore, the study examined the effects of 2% and 4% Serendipita indica Cell wall extract as an elicitor on silymarin production in Cell suspension culture at three different inoculation times (24, 48, and 72 h). After 48 h of inoculation with 2% fungal extract, the highest level of silymarin (199 ppm) was observed, which was significantly different from the control (46 ppm). The silymarin content of Cells increased over time through elicitation with 4% fungal elicitor, while no similar pattern was observed with 2% fungal extract. Based on the results, the Cell wall of S. indica can significantly enhance the amount of SLM in the Cell suspension culture of S. marianum.

Cell based therapies have received attention for treating diseases that have no definite Therapy, or need treatments with limited sources or dangerous outcomes. As a novel idea this mode of Therapy has gained popularity in various aspects of medicine.Numerous basic and clinical researches have been performed or are ongoing in different fields of medicine.Pre-clinical and clinical trials of Cell-based therapies have been conducted in various gastrointestinal disorders.

In this study a 31 y/o woman who was housewife, came from Mazandaran and lived in Behshahr is presented. Patient's complaints were diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain and weight loss. Abdominal radiography showed loop dilatation. In primary Para clinic assessments she had Alb: 2.8, Ca: 6.4, P: 2.3 and PTH: 201. Considering malabsorption in early evaluation, upper endoscopy was done. Intestinal folds were disappeared in second and third part of duodenum in endoscopic view and duodenal biopsy was done. Then pathological assessment revealed a large accumulation of intraepithelial lymphocytes and obvious villus atrophy that was accordant to celiac sprue. She was advised to be on gluten free diet. After about 1 month, She was referred because of sever lower extremities edema. Serum albumin was checked that was 2. Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were detected in sonography. Considering non- responding treatment, IHC staining of intestinal biopsy was performed with celiac sprue complication suspicion.Therefore the patient was referred to chemoTherapy center with the diagnosis of T-Cell lymphoma following celiac sprue. She was spent 6 course chemoTherapy with CHOP regimen and radioTherapy.